What do you know about the green Politics? ماذا تعلم عن السياسة الخضراء
The essence of green politics1 - Green nationalism
Eco-nationalism (also known as ecological nationalism or green nationalism) is a synthesis of nationalism and green politics. Eco-nationalists may be from many points across the left–right political spectrum, but all are bound to the idea that the nation-state and its citizens have a special duty to protect the environment of their country.
2 - Green party
A green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence.Green party platforms typically embrace social democratic economic policies and form coalitions with other left-wing parties. Green parties exist in nearly 90 countries around the world, many of which are members of Global Greens.
The Overlapping movementsGreen politics shares many ideas with the following movements:
1 - Animal rights movement
The modern animal rights movement
The fundamental principle of the modern animal rights movement is that many nonhuman animals have basic interests that deserve recognition, consideration, and protection. In the view of animal rights advocates, these basic interests give the animals that have them both moral and legal rights.
2 - Anti-globalization movement
The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist movement, anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization. There are many definitions of anti-globalization, Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas. what is shared is that participants oppose large, multinational corporations having unregulated political power, exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards, labor hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty. Some commentators have variously characterized changes in the global economy as "turbo-capitalism" (Edward Luttwak), "market fundamentalism" (George Soros), "casino capitalism" (Susan Strange),[8] and as "McWorld" (Benjamin Barber).
3 - Alter-globalization movement
The critique of globalization is, in essence, almost 175 years old. Marx and Engels, in what remains to this day a widely read piece of writing, had the foresight to suggest that capitalism’s destructive and exploitative tendencies know no national borders and are essential to its exorbitant dynamics. Their Communist Manifesto of 1848 provided a fundamental basis for understanding the world of the early workers’ movement. Until the world economic crisis of 1929, globalization — then described in other terms, such as “the production of the world market” by big industry — seemed like an unstoppable force. Although the internationalization of capital was regulated more closely in subsequent years, free trade and foreign investment increased again after the end of World War II.
The Battle of Seattle
The third WTO conference, which took place in Seattle at the end of 1999, garnered global attention for the alter-globalization movement. A significant amount of media attention focused on the violent clashes between demonstrators and the repressive police outside of the conference, which ultimately gave the protests their name: the “Battle of Seattle”. The large number of mass actions and blockades that successfully obstructed the negotiations were equally impressive. The WTO conference in Seattle was also a failure in terms of negotiations: the European Union did not want to concede the US demand for the liberalization of European agricultural markets. This outcome was seen as a success by the movement and led to protests against subsequent meetings of the IMF and World Bank, such as those held in Washington, D.C. in the spring of 2000, and in Prague in autumn of the same year.
Beyond the Mountains and What Exists In light of the ever-intensifying crises we currently face
it is becoming increasingly difficult for the World Economic Forums in Davos and the meetings of the leaders of major industrialized nations to continue to conceal the truth of what they have always actually been at their core: symbols of the arrogance of the ruling class. In their ivory tower, the political elites, led by the ruling classes of the Global North, attest year after year to their own competence and good intentions. With their view of the mountain-studded horizon blocked, they remain blind to any kind of future beyond that which currently exists — they can think only in terms of reform, in terms that conform with the system and the prevailing power structures. Contemporary political movements must vehemently and persistently criticize this incompetence and the way those in power cling to their unjustified privileges. It is up to us to bid farewell to the supposed end of history. It is up to us to imagine another possible world. If there is a promising future for the alter-globalization movement, then in our view it consists in constructively linking the current movements for climate justice with those older movements that offered sustained critiques of the capitalist system. While the former contains the radicalism necessary to carry the struggle forward, the latter has the capacity to mobilize momentum.
The demand to overcome the climate crisis can only be:
realized if it goes hand in hand with overcoming the very real threat to human civilization. The demand for the climate crisis to merely be managed remains in essence reformist and would ultimately steer development towards a green capitalist system. Selectively reforming capitalism, especially at the expense of the Global South, will not lead to the elimination of its inherent contradictions. In times of worsening crises, it is necessary to stand up and revolt against the real end: the ecological self-destruction in the name of economic growth and profit brought about by capitalism. the plural emancipatory critique of capitalist globalization will always have to renew itself in order to keep abreast of the times. However, its goal will always remain the same: to think beyond what exists and to reach what lies beyond by way of political struggles.
4 - The climate movement
The climate movement is a global social movement focused on pressuring governments and industry to take action (also called "climate action") addressing the causes and impacts of climate change. Environmental non-profit organizations have engaged in significant climate activism since the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they sought to influence the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate activism has become increasingly prominent over time, gaining significant momentum during the 2009 Copenhagen Summit and particularly following the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016.
The environmental organizations take various actions such as Peoples Climate Marches. A major event was the global climate strike in September 2019 organized by Fridays For Future and Earth Strike The target was to influence the climate action summit organized by the UN on 23 September. According to the organizers four million people participated in the strike on 20 September. Youth activism and involvement has played an important part in the evolution of the movement after the growth of the Fridays For Future strikes started by Greta Thunberg
In 2019
Extinction Rebellion organized large protests demanding to "reduce carbon emissions to zero.
by 2025
and create a citizens' assembly to oversee progress", including blocking roads.
5 - The conservation movement
The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect natural resources, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in. Evidence-based conservation seeks to use high quality scientific evidence to make conservation efforts more effective.
The early conservation movement evolved out of necessity to maintain natural resources such as fisheries, wildlife management, water, soil, as well as conservation and sustainable forestry. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching environmental movement, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism and it is generally a conservative school of thought which aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans.
6 - The environmental movement
The grassroots mobilization for environmental protection that led to the first Earth Day in 1970 built on nearly a century of efforts to address the contamination of water, air, and land caused by industrialization and urbanization. During the Progressive Era in the early 20th century, reformers warned that unregulated economic development was destroying natural resources and raised alarms about the public health crisis of crowded cities, where raw sewage and industrial run-off filled the waterways and smokestack pollution clouded the air that people breathed. Scientific experts, urban reformers, and women's groups promoted policies to reduce disease and clean up the air, land, and water. Conservation groups also began mobilizing in the late 1800s to protect wilderness areas and wildlife and regulate logging, mining, dam construction, and other assaults on natural resources. Early environmental activists such as John Muir, who founded the Sierra Club in 1892, were not so much radicals as deeply conservative visionaries who feared the encroachment of modernization and industrial expansion on America’s natural beauty, especially in the West.
7 - The feminist movement
There are people who believe that we do not need feminism today, but nothing could be further from the truth. Women have struggled for equality and against oppression for centuries, and although some battles have been partly won - such as the right to vote and equal access to education – women are still disproportionally affected by all forms of violence and by discrimination in every aspect of life.
The third wave of feminism
The third wave of feminism mainly refers to the American movement in the 1990s, and was a reaction to the backlash of conservative media and politicians announcing the end of feminism or referring to ‘post-feminism’. The term ‘backlash’ was popularised by Susan Faludi in her book Backlash. The Undeclared War against Women, published in 1991, and describing the negative reaction of the patriarchal system towards women’s liberation. This was hardly a new phenomenon: women’s movements had always been met with antagonism. However, in the 1980s, institutionalised forms of attacks on women’s rights grew stronger. The third wave of feminism can be characterised by an increased awareness of overlapping categories, such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation. More emphasis was also placed on racial issues, including the status of women in other parts of the world (global feminism). This was also a moment when a number of feminist non-governmental organisations were established, but focusing on specific feminist issues, rather than claiming to represent general feminist ideas.
Third wave feminism actively uses media and pop culture to promote its ideas and to run activities, for example by publishing blogs or e-zines. It focuses on bringing feminism closer to the people’s daily lives. The main issues that third wave feminists are concerned about include: sexual harassment, domestic violence, the pay gap between men and women, eating disorders and body image, sexual and reproductive rights, honour crimes and female genital mutilation.
The cyberfeminism and networked feminism (fourth-wave feminism)
The term cyberfeminism is used to describe the work of feminists interested in theorising, critiquing, and making use of the Internet, cyberspace, and newmedia technologies in general. The term and movement grew out of 'third-wave' feminism. However, the exact meaning is still unclear to some: even at the first meeting of cyberfeminists The First Cyberfeminist International (FCI) in Kassel (Germany), participants found it hard to provide a definition, and as a result of discussions, they proposed 100 anti-theses52 (with reference to Martin Luther’s theses) on what cyberfeminism is not. These included, for example, it is not an institution, it is not an ideology, it is not an –ism.
Cyberfeminism is considered to be a predecessor of ‘networked feminism’, which refers generally to feminism on the Internet: for example, mobilising people to take action against sexism, misogyny or gender-based violence against women. One example is the online movement #metoo in 2017, which was a response on social networks from women all over the world to the case of Harvey Weinstein, a Hollywood producer who was accused of sexually harassing female staff in the movie industry.
8 - The local food movement
What Is the Local Food Movement?
The local food movement is the push to eat food that is grown and harvested nearby to where it is purchased. It is often contrasted with the contemporary mainstream food system, in which avocados from Mexico are purchased in January from a big-box grocery store in New England. It champions a more direct relationship between growers and consumers, so that community members can get produce directly from a local farmer instead of a supermarket.
The local food movement is also commonly associated with a desire to eat healthier foods that are not grown with large amounts of pesticides or other chemicals. It is further considered more environmentally sustainable because the food does not have to travel as far and is often grown using less intensive methods. Finally, it is seen as a way to generate a sense of community around food and direct money towards the local economy rather than large corporations or agribusiness operations.
9 - The Peace movement
A peace movement is a social movement which seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or wars) or minimizing inter-human violence in a particular place or situation. They are often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Some of the methods used to achieve these goals include advocacy of pacifism, nonviolent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, peace camps, ethical consumerism, supporting anti-war political candidates, supporting legislation to remove profits from government contracts to the military–industrial complex, banning guns, creating tools for open government and transparency, direct democracy, supporting whistleblowers who expose war crimes or conspiracies to create wars, demonstrations, and political lobbying. The political cooperative is an example of an organization which seeks to merge all peace-movement and green organizations; they may have diverse goals, but have the common ideal of peace and humane sustainability. A concern of some peace activists is the challenge of attaining peace when those against peace often use violence as their means of communication and empowerment.
A global affiliation of activists and political interests viewed as having a shared purpose and constituting a single movement has been called "the peace movement," or an all-encompassing "anti-war movement". Seen from this perspective, they are often indistinguishable and constitute a loose, responsive, event-driven collaboration between groups motivated by humanism, environmentalism, veganism, anti-racism, feminism, decentralization, hospitality, ideology, theology, and faith.
How Green-Party Success Is Reshaping Global Politics
Once a fringe movement, green parties are increasingly shaping the debate in countries around the world. How influential are they, and what comes next?
What role have they played in government?
Greens have moved from protest parties and loose movements to influential power brokers within only a few decades. Still, although in some countries they have become a fixture in the legislature, in others they remain on the sidelines.
What are the major debates within global green parties?
Greens have long been internally divided, leading to leadership struggles, splintering parties, and ongoing debates over how to capitalize on growing popularity.
The most fundamental debates center on the very nature of the movement
Some see it primarily as an activist effort committed to direct action and civil disobedience, exemplified by the eco-saboteur group Earth First!. Others prefer a more conventional electoral strategy. This has played out in Germany between the “realos,” or moderates, and the “fundis,” or radicals. The latter were exemplified by West German green-party founder Petra Kelly, who saw it as an “anti-party party” but whose vision largely lost out to the moderates, especially since Fischer’s 1998 entrance into government.
The other notable areas of debate among greens include
Energy policy
Despite long-standing opposition to nuclear power, some greens—most notably in Finland—are reconsidering that stance in light of the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The role of technology, globalization, and economic growth.
Mirroring earlier debates between activists and pragmatists, some greens maintain more radical critiques of endless economic growth, consumerism based on energy-intensive trade and supply chains, and technological approaches to climate change. They call for “degrowth,” or a sharp reduction in both production and consumption down to what they consider sustainable levels. Others instead call for “green growth,” and are open to technological solutions such as carbon capture and geoengineering.
The commitment to nonviolence
Green parties emphasize disarmament and nonviolent conflict resolution, if not total pacifism, a stance that has been tested by their involvement in government policy. Germany’s greens have backed various military interventions, and they strongly support NATO and Western military support for Ukraine in the wake of Russia’s 2022 invasion.
What’s next for green politics?
It is in Europe where green parties are poised to wield the most influence in government in the coming years. Nowhere is this more evident than in Germany, where the greens posted their best-ever election result in 2021, becoming the third-largest party in parliament and entering the government for the first time since 2005. While German politics have been unsettled by many of the broader trends shaping the continent, including the rise of formerly fringe parties, experts say the greens now represent stability and continuity rather than the antiestablishment radicalism of the 1980s. “The party is moving from childhood to adulthood,” German political scientist Uwe Jun told the Financial Times. “It is much more pragmatic, [and] radical ideas play a more minor role.”
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has dramatically underscored this change
Even before the war, the greens’ 2021 platform strongly supported NATO. Now, however, the party that once advocated for dismantling the German army and ending the arms trade is at the forefront of plans to sharply increase military spending and send defensive weapons to Ukraine. In the first months following the invasion, Green Party leader and current Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock pressed Chancellor Olaf Scholz to supply Kyiv with more advanced heavy weaponry, a step Scholz resisted.
On energy policy, too
the current crisis is both testing the party’s principles and providing it with new leadership opportunities. German greens had long warned about the country’s reliance on Russian energy and opposed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which would have deepened that dependence. That pipeline has been halted and Berlin is now seeking an abrupt pivot away from Russian gas, which could delay progress toward climate goals by increasing coal use. But at the same time, the crisis is vindicating the greens’ renewable energy fervor in the eyes of many German voters, further boosting the party’s popularity.
In the rest of Europe, meanwhile, green parties have largely become unremarkable features of the political scene, adapting to coalition politics and nudging policy in a more environmentalist direction while proving themselves flexible on other issues, as in Austria. As large and still-growing majorities of people in Europe—and, increasingly, elsewhere—view climate change as a “major threat” to their nations, greens worldwide could be positioned to further grow they're in influence.
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